@article {27659,
	title = {Identifying drug response by combining measurements of the membrane potential, the cytosolic calcium concentration, and the extracellular potential in microphysiological systems},
	journal = {Frontiers in Pharmacology},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {569489},
	publisher = {Frontiers},
	abstract = {Cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CMs) offer a new means to study and understand the human cardiac action potential, and can give key insight into how compounds may interact with important molecular pathways to destabilize the electrical function of the heart. Important features of the action potential can be readily measured using standard experimental techniques, such as the use of voltage sensitive dyes and fluorescent genetic reporters to estimate transmembrane potentials and cytosolic calcium concentrations. Using previously introduced computational procedures, such measurements can be used to estimate the current density of major ion channels present in hiPSC-CMs, and how compounds may alter their behavior. However, due to the limitations of optical recordings, resolving the sodium current remains difficult from these data. Here we show that if these optical measurements are complemented with observations of the extracellular potential using multi electrode arrays (MEAs), we can accurately estimate the current density of the sodium channels. This inversion of the sodium current relies on observation of the conduction velocity which turns out to be straightforwardly computed using measurements of extracellular waves across the electrodes. The combined data including the membrane potential, the cytosolic calcium concentration and the extracellular potential further opens up for the possibility of accurately estimating the effect of novel drugs applied to hiPSC-CMs.},
	doi = {doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.569489},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2020.569489/full},
	author = {Karoline Horgmo {J{\ae}ger} and Charwat, Verena and Wall, Samuel and Kevin E. {Healy} and Tveito, Aslak}
}
