@article {espeland-vp8,
	title = {Reducing Processing Demands for Multi-Rate Video Encoding: Implementation and Evaluation},
	journal = {International Journal of Multimedia Data Engineering and Management},
	volume = {3},
	number = {2},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1-19},
	abstract = {Segmented adaptive HTTP streaming has become the de facto standard for video delivery over the Internet for its ability to scale video quality to the available network resources. Here, each video is encoded in multiple qualities, i.e., running the expensive encoding process for each quality layer. However, these operations consume both a lot of time and resources, and in this paper, the authors propose a system for reusing redundant steps in a video encoder to improve the multi-layer encoding pipeline. The idea is to have multiple outputs for each of the target bitrates and qualities where the intermediate processing steps share and reuse the computational heavy analysis. A prototype has been implemented using the VP8 reference encoder, and their experimental results show that for both low- and high-resolution videos the proposed method can significantly reduce the processing demands and time when encoding the different quality layers.},
	doi = {10.4018/jmdem.2012040101},
	author = {Espeland, H{\r a}vard and H{\r a}kon Kvale {Stensland} and Dag Haavi {Finstad} and Halvorsen, P{\r a}l}
}
@inproceedings {Simula.simula.750,
	title = {Improved Multi-Rate Video Encoding},
	journal = {International Symposium on Multimedia},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {293-300},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	type = {Conference},
	abstract = {Adaptive HTTP streaming is frequently used for both live and on-Demand video delivery over the Internet. Adaptiveness is often achieved by encoding the video stream in multiple qualities (and thus bitrates), and then transparently switching between the qualities according to the bandwidth fluctuations and the amount of resources available for decoding the video content on the end device. For this kind of video delivery over the Internet, H.264 is currently the most used codec, but VP8 is an emerging open-source codec expected to compete with H.264 in the streaming scenario. The challenge is that, when encoding video for adaptive video streaming, both VP8 and H.264 run once for each quality layer, i.e., consuming both time and resources, especially important in a live video delivery scenario. In this paper, we address the resource consumption issues by proposing a method for reusing redundant steps in a video encoder, emitting multiple outputs with varying bitrates and qualities. It shares and reuses the computational heavy analysis step, notably macro-block mode decision, intra prediction and inter prediction between the instances, and outputs video in several rates. The method has been implemented in the VP8 reference encoder, and experimental results show that we can encode the different quality layers at the same rates and qualities compared to the VP8 reference encoder, while reducing the encoding time significantly.},
	isbn = {978-0-7695-4589-9},
	author = {Dag Haavi {Finstad} and H{\r a}kon Kvale {Stensland} and Espeland, H{\r a}vard and Halvorsen, P{\r a}l},
	editor = {Anthony Y.H. {Liao}}
}
