@article {Hannay-Gjorven-2021,
	title = {Leveraging Network-Centric Strategic Goals in Capabilities},
	journal = {Journal of Military Studies},
	volume = {10},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {90-104},
	publisher = {De Gruyter},
	abstract = {The vision of network-centric operations is to increase operational capabilities through networked collaboration. NATO and its member nations state this vision in strategic documents at a very high level of abstraction. While suitable for giving an overall feel, current documentation renders the steps toward implementing those visions largely unsupported. We outline a method, based on agile requirements engineering, for converting high-level strategic visions into capabilities, whose form lend themselves to incremental implementation. We illustrate the use of this method in two cases that concern both operational capabilities and technical capabilities. We also\&nbsp; show how\&nbsp; the method enables one to prioritize\&nbsp; which capabilities to develop first. We conclude that some form of explicit methodology to span the gap between strategic visions and implementing those visions is necessary.},
	keywords = {benefits management, capabilities, requirements engineering, strategic goals},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.2478/jms-2021-0001},
	url = {https://www.sciendo.com/article/10.2478/jms-2021-0001},
	author = {Jo Erskine {Hannay} and Gj{\o}rven, Eli}
}
@phdthesis {Simula.simula.1266,
	title = {Enabling Self-Adaptation by Applying a Technology Agnostic Middleware With Support for Integration},
	year = {2011},
	month = {December},
	school = {Department of Informatics, University of Oslo},
	type = {phd},
	address = {Oslo},
	abstract = {To manage the administration and run-time configuration and reconfiguration of large and complex state-of-the-art applications, the research community propose making systems self-adaptive. By relieving the human administrator from the difficult and error-prone tasks of administration and configuration, software will become more dependable and usable. A self-adaptive system conceptually consists of two parts; i) The part of the system subject to adaptations, and ii) the adaptation control loop, which controls and executes adaptations. The middleware community argues that by externalizing the adaptation control loop into middleware, and thereby separating the adaptation concerns from the application concerns, the software development process will become more efficient. However, as different middleware solutions become available, it has become clear that middleware faces the same challenges as other types of software, namely the challenges of run-time configurability, integration of new and existing functionality, and software reuse. In particular, current adaptation middleware solutions limit their applicability to specific technologies, such as a particular programming language, component model, or communication infrastructure. We argue that rather than assuming a certain technology, adaptation middleware should serve as a unifying framework enabling integration of different technologies, including configuration of the system with technology specific mechanisms and algorithms, in order to dynamically build distributed and heterogeneous self-adaptive systems. In this thesis, we explore a middleware solution, QuA, which is technology agnostic in the sense that it provides a generic adaptation control loop and a corresponding meta-model which can be applied to different types of programming languages, component models, and communication infrastructure. We apply the control loop and meta-model to three different adaptation technologies, which together provide a wide range of adaptation mechanisms, and support many different application scenarios. Our experiments demonstrate that the combination of technology agnostic middleware and technology integration facilitates reuse of existing adaptation software on the middleware level.},
	isbn = {ISSN 1501-7710 No. 1140},
	author = {Gj{\o}rven, Eli}
}
@article {Simula.ND.269,
	title = {A Comprehensive Solution for Application-Level Adaptation},
	journal = {Software: Practice and Experience},
	number = {Published online},
	year = {2009},
	publisher = {ACM},
	abstract = {Driven by the emergence of mobile and pervasive computing, there is a growing demand for context-aware software systems that can dynamically adapt to their run-time environment. We present the results of project MADAM that has delivered a comprehensive solution for the development and operation of context-aware, self-adaptive aplications. The main contributions of MADAm are (a) a sophisticated middleware that supports the dynamic adaptation of component-based applications, and (b) an innovative model-driven development methodology that is based on abstract adaptation models and corresponding model\_to-code transformations. MADAM has demonstrated the viability of a general, integrated approach to application-level adaptation. We discuss our experiences with two real-world case studies that were built using the MADAM approach.},
	isbn = {1097-024X},
	doi = {10.1002/spe.900},
	author = {Geihs, Kurt and Barone, Paolo and Eliassen, Frank and Floch, Jacqueline and Fricke, Rolf and Gj{\o}rven, Eli and Svein O. {Hallsteinsen} and Horn, Geir and Owais Mohammad {Khan} and Mamelli, Alessandro and George A. {Papadopoulos} and Paspallis, Nearchos and Reichle, Roland and Stav, Erlend}
}
@article {24494,
	title = {A comprehensive solution for application-level adaptation},
	journal = {Software - Practice and Experience},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {385-422},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons},
	doi = { 10.1002/spe.900},
	author = {Geihs, Kurt and Barone, Paolo and Eliassen, Frank and Floch, Jacqueline and Fricke, Rolf and Gj{\o}rven, Eli and Hallsteinsen, Svein and Horn, Geir and Muhammad Uzair {Khan} and Mamelli, Alessandro and Reichle, Roland and Stav, Erlend}
}
@inproceedings {Simula.ND.271,
	title = {Cross-Layer Self-Adaptation of Service-Oriented Architectures},
	journal = {3rd International Middleware Workshop on Middleware for Service Oriented Computing (MW4SOC{\textquoteright}08)},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {37-42},
	publisher = {ACM},
	type = {Workshop},
	abstract = {Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA) are built as compositions of inter-organizational services. These services are deployed and published by providers who are responsible for provisioning the services with sufficient resources. However, even though services are implemented by technologies providing a wide range of adaptation related features, such as configurable component models and communication infrastructures, state-of-the-art approaches to adaptive SOA systems do not provide principled solutions to exploit application layer adaptation mechanisms. Our technology-agnostic adaptation middleware has been desig\-ned for integrating and exploiting technology-specific adaptation technologies and mechanisms. In this paper, we describe how this middleware can support a cross-layer adaptation of SOA systems. In particular, we focus on the server-side perspective of SOA, and we show that our middleware is able to exploit both service interface and application layers technologies for supporting a coordinated adaptation of both layers.},
	isbn = {978-1-60558-368-6},
	author = {Gj{\o}rven, Eli and Rouvoy, Romain and Eliassen, Frank},
	editor = {Karl M. {G{\"o}schka} and Dustdar, Schahram and Leymann, Frank and Tosic, Vladimir}
}
@inproceedings {Simula.ND.189,
	title = {Experiences From Developing a Component Technology Agnostic Adaptation Framework},
	journal = {Component-Based Software Engineering 11th International Symposium, CBSE 2008, Karlsruhe, Germany, October 14-17, 2008},
	volume = {5282/2008},
	year = {2008},
	month = {October},
	pages = {230-245},
	publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
	type = {Conference},
	abstract = {Systems are increasingly expected to adapt themselves to changing requirements and environmental situations with minimum user interactions. A challenge for self-adaptation is the increasing heterogeneity of applications and services, integrating multiple systems implemented in different platform and language technologies. In order to cope with this heterogeneity, self-adaptive systems need to support the integration of various technologies, allowing the target adaptive system to be built from subsystems realized with different implementation technologies. In this paper, we argue that state-of-the adaptation frameworks do not lend themselves to ease technology integration and exploitation of advanced features and opportunities offered by different implementation technologies. We present the QuA adaptation framework and its support for technology integration and exploitation. Unlike other adaptation frameworks the adaptation framework of QuA is able to exploit a wide range of adaptation mechanisms and technologies, without modification to the adaptation framework itself. As a demonstration of this property of QuA, we describe the integration of an advanced component model technology, the Fractal component model, with the QuA framework. Our experience from this exercise shows that the QuA adaptation framework indeed allows integration of advanced implementation technologies with moderate effort.},
	isbn = {978-3-540-87890-2},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-540-87891-9},
	author = {Gj{\o}rven, Eli and Eliassen, Frank and Rouvoy, Romain},
	editor = {Michel R. V. {Chaudron} and Szyperski, Clemens and Reussner, Ralf}
}
@inproceedings {Simula.ND.65,
	title = {Peer-to-Peer Brokering of Planning Meta-Data},
	journal = {Adaptable and Reflective Middleware (ARM) 2007},
	year = {2007},
	month = {November},
	publisher = {ACM Press},
	type = {Workshop},
	abstract = {In self-adaptive systems, metadata about resources in the system (e.g., services, nodes) must be dynamically published, updated, and removed. Current middleware approaches use statically configured, centralised repositories for storing and retrieving of such metadata. However, in the context of peer-to-peer (P2P) environments, we can not assume the existence of server nodes that are always available for hosting such centralised services. Thus, in our planning-based adaptation middleware, we introduce a P2P broker, which is a metadata advertisement service based on P2P technology. We use a structured P2P protocol that distributes the service metadata over a set of nodes based on service type and property information. Initial experiments show that the metadata distributes well over the nodes in the network, thus enabling scalability and robustness to node failures.},
	isbn = {978-1-59593-931-9/07/11},
	author = {Oudenstad, Johannes and Eliassen, Frank and Gj{\o}rven, Eli and Rouvoy, Romain},
	editor = {Costa, F.M.}
}
@inproceedings {Eliassen.2006.2,
	title = {Evolving Self-Adaptive Services Using Planning-Based Reflective Middleware},
	journal = {The 5th annual Workshop on Adaptive and Reflective Middleware (ARM 2006)},
	year = {2006},
	month = {November},
	pages = {1-6},
	publisher = {ACM Press},
	type = {Workshop},
	abstract = {Self-adaptive systems often use a middleware-based approach where adaptation mechanisms and policies are separated and externalized from the application code. Such separation facilitates the independent analysis of application and adaptation. In the QuA middleware, we use mirror-based reflection and service planning to support the development and execution of self-adaptive systems. A mirror provides meta information about a service{\textquoteright}s behavior and implementation hroughout all life-cycle phases, including its performance in ifferent contexts. Service planning supports dynamic discovery, utility-based and context-aware evaluation, and selection of alternative implementations of a given service. Here we argue that the QuA middleware is also able to support certain forms of evolution of adaptive systems. Since in QuA new implementation alternatives or updated versions of software are automatically discovered and considered during service planning, evolution both during run time and load time is supported. Experimental results from evolving a state-of-the-art adaptive media streaming application using our middleware are also presented.},
	isbn = {1-59593-419-7},
	author = {Eliassen, Frank and Gj{\o}rven, Eli and Viktor S. Wold {Eide} and J{\o}rgen Andreas {Michaelsen}},
	editor = {Nalini Venkatasub {Coulson}}
}
@inproceedings {Gjorven.2006.1,
	title = {A Mirror Based Approach to Building Reflective, Adaptive Middleware},
	journal = {3. MiNEMA Workshop, Feb 7-8, Leuven, Belgium},
	year = {2006},
	month = {February},
	publisher = {MiNEMA Research Network},
	type = {1},
	author = {Gj{\o}rven, Eli and Eliassen, Frank and Lund, Ketil and Jan {\O}yvind {Aagedal} and Staehli, Richard}
}
@inproceedings {Gjorven.2006.3,
	title = {Quality of Adaptation},
	journal = {SELF - Self-adaptability and self-management of context-aware systems, July 19-21, 2006, Silicon Valley, USA},
	year = {2006},
	month = {July},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	type = {Workshop},
	isbn = {9780769526539},
	author = {Gj{\o}rven, Eli and Eliassen, Frank and Jan {\O}yvind {Aagedal}},
	editor = {Dini, Petre and Ayed, Dhouha and Dini, Cosmin and Berbers, Yolande}
}
@inproceedings {Gjorven.2006.2,
	title = {Self-Adaptive Systems: a Middleware Managed Approach},
	journal = {2nd IEEE International Workshop on Self-Managed Networks, Systems \& Services (SelfMan 2006)},
	year = {2006},
	month = {June},
	publisher = {Springer},
	type = {Workshop},
	abstract = {Recent works on self-adaptivity use a middleware-based approach where the adaptation mechanisms and meta-level information are separated and externalized from the application code. Current solutions generally target individual life-cycle phases of an application in isolation, preventing easy integration of design-time and run-time adaptability. Integration is needed in order to support the introduction of new adaptive behavior during run-time. Self-adapting systems therefore need to support both planning, instantiation and maintenance of applications throughout their life-time. In this paper we propose middleware managed adaptation, in which services are specified by their behavior, and planned, instantiated and maintained by middleware services in such a way that the behavioral requirements are satisfied throughout the service life-time. Central to this approach is mirror-based reflection, which supports introspection and intercession on an application, or any service, through all the phases of its life-cycle, including pre-runtime. The mirror of a service may contain information about its implementation, including the developer{\textquoteright}s knowledge about how this implementation will perform in different contexts. By making this knowledge available to the middleware, we facilitate the implementation of a wide range of self-adaptive behaviors.},
	isbn = {978-3-540-34739-2},
	author = {Gj{\o}rven, Eli and Eliassen, Frank and Lund, Ketil and Viktor S. Wold {Eide} and Staehli, Richard},
	editor = {Jean-Philippe Martin-Fla {Keller}}
}
@article {Floch.2006.1,
	title = {Using Architecture Models for Runtime Adaptability},
	journal = {IEEE Software},
	volume = {23},
	number = {2},
	year = {2006},
	month = {March/April},
	pages = {62-70},
	abstract = {Developers typically use software architecture models at design time to capture significant decisions about a software system{\textquoteright}s organization and to describe and establish a common understanding about the system{\textquoteright}s abstract properties. Architectural information isn{\textquoteright}t usually explicitly represented at runtime; developers transform and realize the architectural properties through runtime artifacts. Recently, the introduction of software platforms supporting component plug-in and dynamic binding has facilitated adaptation of software systems at runtime. Preserving the properties described by the architecture model during adaptation is an important task. We propose a self-adaptation approach that exploits architecture models to reason about and control adaptation at runtime. We can derive runtime models from design models facilitating the developers{\textquoteright} task. We developed the approach in the context of mobile computing. This article is part of a focus section on software architecture.},
	author = {Floch, Jacqueline and Svein O. {Hallsteinsen} and Stav, Erlend and Eliassen, Frank and Lund, Ketil and Gj{\o}rven, Eli}
}
@techreport {ND.7.Gjorven.2004,
	title = {A Platform Independent Model of the QuA Architecture},
	year = {2004},
	publisher = {Simula Research Laboratory},
	author = {Gj{\o}rven, Eli and Staehli, Richard and Eliassen, Frank}
}
