@article {Land:2015dq,
	title = {Verification of cardiac mechanics software: benchmark problems and solutions for testing active and passive material behaviour},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society A},
	volume = {471},
	year = {2015},
	month = {12/2015},
	publisher = {The Royal Society},
	abstract = {Models of cardiac mechanics are increasingly used to investigate cardiac physiology. These models are characterized by a high level of complexity, including the particular anisotropic material properties of biological tissue and the actively contracting material. A large number of independent simulation codes have been developed, but a consistent way of verifying the accuracy and replicability of simulations is lacking. To aid in the verification of current and future cardiac mechanics solvers, this study provides three benchmark problems for cardiac mechanics. These benchmark problems test the ability to accurately simulate pressure-type forces that depend on the deformed objects geometry, anisotropic and spatially varying material properties similar to those seen in the left ventricle and active contractile forces. The benchmark was solved by 11 different groups to generate consensus solutions, with typical differences in higher-resolution solutions at approximately 0.5\%, and consistent results between linear, quadratic and cubic finite elements as well as different approaches to simulating incompressible materials. Online tools and solutions are made available to allow these tests to be effectively used in verification of future cardiac mechanics software.},
	author = {Land, Sander and Arens, Sander and Christoph M {Augustin} and Baron, Lukas and Castro, Sebastian and Crozier, Andrew and Favino, Marco and Thomas E {Fastl} and Fritz, Thomas and Gao, Hao and Gizzi, Alessio and Boyce E {Griffith} and Daniel E {Hurtado} and Krause, Rolf and Luo, Xiaoyu and Martyn P {Nash} and Pezzuto, Simone and Plank, Gernot and Rossi, Simone and Ruprecht, Daniel and Seemann, Gunnar and Nicolas P. {Smith} and Sundnes, Joakim and Rice, Jeremy and Natalia A. {Trayanova} and Wang, Dafang and Zhinuo Jenny {Wang} and Steven A {Niederer}}
}
