@article {26006,
	title = {A control mechanism for intra-mural peri-arterial drainage via astrocytes: How neuronal activity could improve waste clearance from the brain.},
	journal = {PLoS ONE},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2018},
	month = {05/2018},
	pages = {e0205276},
	publisher = {PLoS ONE},
	abstract = {The mechanisms behind the clearance of soluble waste from deep within the parenchyma of the brain remain unclear. Experimental evidence reveals that one pathway for clearance of waste, termed intra-mural peri-arterial drainage (IPAD), is the rapid drainage of interstitial fluid along basement membranes (BM) of the smooth muscle cells of cerebral arteries; failure of IPAD is closely associated with the pathology of Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease (AD), but its driving mechanism remains unclear. We have previously shown that arterial pulsations generated by the heart beat are not strong enough to drive IPAD. Here we present computational evidence for a mechanism for clearance of waste from the brain that is driven by functional hyperaemia, that is, the dilatation of cerebral arterioles as a consequence of increased nutrient demand from neurons. This mechanism is based on our model for the flow of fluid through the vascular BM. It accounts for clearance rates observed in mouse experiments, and aligns with pathological observations and recommendations to lower the individual risk of AD, such as mental and physical activity. Thus, our neurovascular hypothesis should act as the new working hypothesis for the driving force behind IPAD.},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0205276},
	author = {Alexandra K. {Diem} and Roxana O. {Carare} and Roy O. {Weller} and Neil W. {Bressloff}}
}
@article {25723,
	title = {Arterial Pulsations cannot Drive Intramural Periarterial Drainage: Significance for Aβ Drainage},
	journal = {Frontiers in Neuroscience},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Aug 2017},
	pages = {475},
	publisher = {Frontiers},
	abstract = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and to date there is no cure or efficient prophylaxis. The cognitive decline correlates with the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the walls of capillaries and arteries. Our group has demonstrated that interstitial fluid and\&nbsp;Aβ are eliminated from the brain along the basement membranes of capillaries and arteries, the intramural periarterial drainage (IPAD) pathway. With advancing age and arteriosclerosis, the stiffness of arterial walls, this pathway fails in its function and\&nbsp;Aβ accumulates in the walls of arteries. In this study we tested the hypothesis that arterial pulsations drive IPAD and that a valve mechanism ensures the net drainage in a direction opposite to that of the blood flow. This hypothesis was tested using a mathematical model of the drainage mechanism. We demonstrate firstly that arterial pulsations are not strong enough to produce drainage velocities comparable to experimental observations. Secondly, we demonstrate that a valve mechanism such as directional permeability of the IPAD pathway is necessary to achieve a net reverse flow. The mathematical simulation results are confirmed by assessing the pattern of IPAD in mice using pulse modulators, showing no significant alteration of IPAD. Our results indicate that forces other than the cardiac pulsations are responsible for efficient IPAD.},
	doi = {10.3389/fnins.2017.00475},
	url = {http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnins.2017.00475/fullhttp://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnins.2017.00475/full},
	author = {Alexandra K. {Diem} and Matthew MacGregor {Sharp} and Gatherer, Maureen and Neil W. {Bressloff} and Roxana O. {Carare} and Richardson, Giles}
}
@article {25722,
	title = {VaMpy: A Python Package to Solve 1D Blood Flow Problems},
	journal = {Journal of Open Research Software},
	volume = {5},
	number = {17},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Aug-06-2017},
	publisher = {Ubiquity Press},
	abstract = {Finite-differences methods such as the Lax-Wendroff method (LW) are commonly used to solve 1D models of blood flow. These models solve for blood flow and lumen area and are useful in disease research, such as hypertension and atherosclerosis, where flow and pressure are good indicators for the presence of disease. Despite the popularity of the LW method to solve the blood flow equations, no implementation of a LW solver for these equations has been published and made publicly available. This leads to the reimplementation of the same methods within different research groups and makes verification of results more difficult. The Vascular Modelling in Python (VaMpy) toolkit is a Python package that aims to fill this gap. It implements Richtmyer{\textquoteright}s two-step Lax-Wendroff scheme to solve 1D model equations of blood flow in arterial trees and aims at facilitating the solution of blood flow problems for various medical applications.},
	doi = {10.5334/jors.159},
	url = {http://openresearchsoftware.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/jors.159/},
	author = {Alexandra K. {Diem} and Neil W. {Bressloff}}
}
@article {25720,
	title = {A Simulation Model of Periarterial Clearance of Amyloid-β from the Brain},
	journal = {Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience},
	volume = {8},
	number = {18},
	year = {2016},
	month = {Dec-02-2016},
	publisher = {Frontiers},
	abstract = {The accumulation of soluble and insoluble amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain indicates failure of elimination of Aβ from the brain with age and Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease (AD). There is a variety of mechanisms for elimination of Aβ from the brain. They include the action of microglia and enzymes together with receptor-mediated absorption of Aβ into the blood and periarterial lymphatic drainage of Aβ. Although the brain possesses no conventional lymphatics, experimental studies have shown that fluid and solutes, such as Aβ, are eliminated from the brain along 100 nm wide basement membranes in the walls of cerebral capillaries and arteries. This lymphatic drainage pathway is reflected in the deposition of Aβ in the walls of human arteries with age and AD as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Initially, Aβ diffuses through the extracellular spaces of gray matter in the brain and then enters basement membranes in capillaries and arteries to flow out of the brain. Although diffusion through the extracellular spaces of the brain has been well characterized, the exact mechanism whereby perivascular elimination of Aβ occurs has not been resolved. Here we use a computational model to describe the process of periarterial drainage in the context of diffusion in the brain, demonstrating that periarterial drainage along basement membranes is very rapid compared with diffusion. Our results are a validation of experimental data and are significant in the context of failure of periarterial drainage as a mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of AD as well as complications associated with its immunotherapy.},
	doi = {10.3389/fnagi.2016.00018},
	url = {http://journal.frontiersin.org/Article/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00018/abstract},
	author = {Alexandra K. {Diem} and Tan, Mingyi and Neil W. {Bressloff} and Hawkes, Cheryl and Alan W. J. {Morris} and Roy O. {Weller} and Roxana O. {Carare}}
}
@article {berg2015computational,
	title = {The Computational Fluid Dynamics Rupture Challenge 2013{\textemdash}Phase II: variability of hemodynamic simulations in two intracranial aneurysms},
	journal = {Journal of Biomechanical Engineering},
	volume = {137},
	year = {2015},
	month = {2015},
	pages = {121008/1-121008/13},
	publisher = {American Society of Mechanical Engineers},
	author = {Berg, Philipp and Roloff, Christoph and Beuing, Oliver and Voss, Samuel and Sugiyama, Shin-Ichiro and Aristokleous, Nicolas and Andreas S. {Anayiotos} and Ashton, Neil and Revell, Alistair and Neil W. {Bressloff} and Alistair G. {Brown} and Bong Jae {Chung} and Juan R. {Cebral} and Copelli, Gabriele and Fu, Wenyu and Qiao, Aike and Arjan J. {Geers} and Hodis, Simona and Dragomir-Daescu, Dan and Nordahl, Emily and Yildirim Bora {Suzen} and Owais Mohammad {Khan} and Valen-Sendstad, Kristian and Kono, Kenichi and Prahlad G. {Menon} and Priti G. {Albal} and Mierka, Otto and M{\"u}nster, Raphael and Hern{\'a}n G. {Morales} and Bonnefous, Odile and Osman, Jan and Goubergrits, Leonid and Pallares, Jordi and Cito, Salvatore and Passalacqua, Alberto and Piskin, Senol and Pekkan, Kerem and Ramalho, Susana and Marques, Nelson and Sanchi, St{\'e}phane and Kristopher R. {Schumacher} and Sturgeon, Jess and Svihlov{\'a}, Helena and Hron, Jaroslav and Usera, Gabriel and Mendina, Mariana and Xiang, Jianping and David A. {Steinman} and Janiga, G{\'a}bor}
}
@article {Simula.simula.1746,
	title = {Variability of Computational Fluid Dynamics Solutions for Pressure and Flow in a Giant Aneurysm: the ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference CFD Challenge},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Engineering},
	volume = {135},
	number = {2},
	year = {2013},
	publisher = {J Biomech Eng},
	author = {David A. {Steinman} and Hoi, Yiemeng and Fahy, P. and Morris, L. and Walsh, MT and Aristokleous, N. and Anayiotos, AS and Papaharilaou, Y. and Arzani, A. and Shadden, SC and Berg, Philipp and Janiga, G. and Bols, Joris and Segers, Patrick and Neil W. {Bressloff} and Cibis, M. and Gijsen, FH and Cito, S. and Pallareacutes, J. and Joan Heller {Brown} and Costelloe, JA and Lynch, AG and Degroote, Joris and Vierendeels, Jan and Fu, Wenyu and Qiao, Aike and Hodis, S. and Kallmes, DF and Kalsi, H. and Long, Quan and Kheyfets, VO and Fino, EA and Kono, K. and Malek, AM and Lauric, Alexandra and Prahlad G. {Menon} and Pekkan, K. and Moghadam, Esmaily and Marsden, AL and Oshima, M. and Katagiri, K. and Peiffer, V. and Mohamied, Y. and Sherwin, SJ and Schaller, J. and Goubergrits, L. and Usera, G. and Mendina, M. and Habets, DF and Valen-Sendstad, Kristian and Xiang, Jianping and Meng, Hui and Karniadakis, GE and Shaffer, N. and Loth, F.}
}
