@article {24903,
	title = {Component-Based Modelling for Scalable Smart City Systems Interoperability: A Case Study on Integrating Energy Demand Response Systems},
	journal = {Sensors},
	volume = {16},
	year = {2016},
	month = {10/2016},
	publisher = {Sensors},
	abstract = {Smart city systems embrace major challenges associated with climate change, energy efficiency, mobility and future services by embedding the virtual space into a complex cyber-physical system. Those systems are constantly evolving and scaling up, involving a wide range of integration among users, devices, utilities, public services and also policies. Modelling such complex dynamic systems\&rsquo; architectures has always been essential for the development and application of techniques/tools to support design and deployment of integration of new components, as well as for the analysis, verification, simulation and testing to ensure trustworthiness. This article reports on the definition and implementation of a scalable component-based architecture that supports a cooperative energy demand response (DR) system coordinating energy usage between neighbouring households. The proposed architecture, called refinement of Cyber-Physical Component Systems (rCPCS), which extends the refinement calculus for component and object system (rCOS) modelling method, is implemented using Eclipse Extensible Coordination Tools (ECT), i.e., Reo coordination language. With rCPCS implementation in Reo, we specify the communication, synchronisation and co-operation amongst the heterogeneous components of the system assuring, by design scalability and the interoperability, correctness of component cooperation.},
	keywords = {component system interoperability and coordination, component-based architecture design, cooperative demand response, scalable modelling, smart city system modelling},
	doi = {10.3390/s16111810},
	url = {http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/11/1810/htm},
	author = {Palomar, Esther and Chen, Xiaohong and Liu, Zhiming and Maharjan, Sabita and Bowen, Jonathan}
}
@inproceedings {23620,
	title = {Component-based modelling for sustainable and scalable smart meter networks},
	journal = {IEEE 15th International Symposium on "A World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks"},
	year = {2014},
	month = {06/2014},
	pages = {1-6},
	publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
	address = {Sydney},
	abstract = {It is expected that the Internet of Things (IoT) provides the foundational infrastructure for smart cities, and making ICT an enabling technology to meet major challenges associated with climate change, energy efficiency, mobility and future services. On the other hand a smart city with these requirements is usually evolving through incremental automation and integration of new components, that are digital or physical components or smart devices. To handle the growing scale and complexity of a system, an adaptive modelling method is needed for dynamic analysis and verification and/or validation, and integration. In this paper, we consider the case study of a Demand Response (DR) Programme that is to be realized by the deployment of a network of smart meters. Through this case study, we propose a component-based modelling approach and demonstrate how it deals with the growing complex architecture.},
	isbn = { 978-1-4799-4786-7},
	doi = {10.1109/WoWMoM.2014.6918927},
	url = {http://www.computer.org/csdl/proceedings/wowmom/2014/4786/00/06918927-abs.html},
	author = {Palomar, Esther and Liu, Zhiming and Jonathan P. {Bowen} and Zhang, Yan and Maharjan, Sabita}
}
