@inproceedings {42705,
	title = {Coverage and Performance Analysis of 5G Non-Standalone Deployments},
	journal = {Proceedings of the 16th ACM Workshop on Wireless Network Testbeds, Experimental evaluation \& CHaracterization},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {61-68},
	publisher = {ACM},
	abstract = {Fifth Generation (5G) networks are becoming the norm in the global telecommunications industry. In this paper, we present the first large-scale measurement study on commercial 5G Non Standalone (NSA) deployments in a European country. We leverage the collected dataset, which covers two Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) in Rome, Italy, to first, study network deployment and radio cov- erage aspects, and second, explore the performance of two use cases related to enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) and Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC). Results show that 5G NSA can provide higher downlink throughput and slightly lower latency compared to Fourth Generation (4G) systems. However, performance is infuenced by several factors, including propagation conditions, system configurations, and handover events, ultimately highlighting the need for further system optimization.},
	author = {Kousias, Konstantinos and Rajiullah, Mohammad and Caso, Giuseppe and Alay, {\"O}zg{\"u} and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and De Nardis, Luca and Neri, Marco and Ali, Usman and Di Benedetto, Maria-Gabriella}
}
@article {42702,
	title = {Data-Driven Analysis of Outdoor-to-Indoor Propagation for 5G Mid-Band Operational Networks},
	journal = {Future Internet},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {239},
	publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	abstract = {The successful rollout of fifth-generation (5G) networks requires a full understanding of the behavior of the propagation channel, taking into account the signal formats and the frequencies standardized by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). In the past, channel characterization for 5G has been addressed mainly based on the measurements performed on dedicated links in experimental setups. This paper presents a state-of-the-art contribution to the characterization of the outdoor-to-indoor radio channel in the 3.5 GHz band, based on experimental data for commercial, deployed 5G networks, collected during a large scale measurement campaign carried out in the city of Rome, Italy. The analysis presented in this work focuses on downlink, outdoor-to-indoor propagation for two operators adopting two different beamforming strategies, single wide-beam and multiple synchronization signal blocks (SSB) based beamforming; it is indeed the first contribution studying the impact of beamforming strategy in real 5G networks. The time and power-related channel characteristics, i.e., mean excess delay and Root Mean Square (RMS) delay spread, path loss, and K-factor are studied for the two operators in multiple measurement locations. The analysis of time and power-related parameters is supported and extended by a correlation analysis between each pair of parameters. The results show that beamforming strategy has a marked impact on propagation. A single wide-beam transmission leads, in fact, to lower RMS delay spread and lower mean excess delay compared to a multiple SSB-based transmission strategy. In addition, the single wide-beam transmission system is characterized by a smaller path loss and a higher K-factor, suggesting that the adoption of a multiple SSB-based transmission strategy may have a negative impact on downlink performance.},
	author = {Ali, Usman and Caso, Giuseppe and De Nardis, Luca and Kousias, Konstantinos and Rajiullah, Mohammad and Alay, {\"O}zg{\"u} and Neri, Marco and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and Di Benedetto, Maria-Gabriella}
}
@article {42701,
	title = {Energy-Saving Solutions for Cellular Internet of Things{\textendash}A Survey},
	journal = {IEEE Access},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {62073-62096},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	abstract = {The Cellular Internet of Things (CIoT), a new paradigm, paves the way for a large-scale deployment of IoT devices. CIoT promises enhanced coverage and massive deployment of low-cost IoT devices with an expected battery life of up to 10 years. However, such a long battery life can only be achieved provided the CIoT device is configured with energy efficiency in mind. This paper conducts a comprehensive survey on energy-saving solutions in 3GPP-based CIoT networks. In comparison to current studies, the contribution of this paper is the classification and an extensive analysis of existing energy-saving solutions for CIoT, e.g., configuration of particular parameter values and software modifications of transport- or radio-layer protocols, while also stressing key parameters impacting the energy consumption such as the frequency of data reporting, discontinuous reception cycles (DRX), and Radio Resource Control (RRC) timers. In addition, we discuss shortcomings, limitations, and possible opportunities which can be investigated in the future to reduce the energy consumption of CIoT devices.},
	author = {Muhammad Tahir {Abbas} and Grinnemo, Karl-Johan and Eklund, Johan and Alfredsson, Stefan and Rajiullah, Mohammad and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and Caso, Giuseppe and Kousias, Konstantinos and Alay, {\"O}zg{\"u}}
}
@inproceedings {42700,
	title = {On the Energy-efficient Use of Discontinuous Reception and Release Assistance in NB-IoT},
	journal = {The IEEE 8th World Forum on Internet of Things (IEEE WFIoT) 2022},
	year = {2022},
	publisher = {IEEE Communications Society},
	abstract = {Cellular Internet of Things (CIoT) is a Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) technology. It aims for cheap, low-complexity IoT devices that enable large-scale deployments and wide-area coverage. Moreover, to make large-scale deployments of CIoT devices in remote and hard-to-access locations possible, a long device battery life is one of the main objectives of these devices. To this end, 3GPP has defined several energy-saving mechanisms for CIoT technologies, not least for the Narrow-Band Internet of Things~(NB-IoT) technology, one of the major CIoT technologies. Examples of mechanisms defined include CONNECTED-mode DRX (cDRX), Release Assistance Indicator (RAI), and Power Saving Mode (PSM). This paper considers the impact of the essential energy-saving mechanisms on minimizing the energy consumption of NB-IoT devices, especially the cDRX and RAI mechanisms. The paper uses a purpose-built NB-IoT simulator that has been tested in terms of its built-in energy-saving mechanisms and validated with real-world NB-IoT measurements. The simulated results show that it is possible to save 70\%-90\% in energy consumption by enabling the cDRX and RAI. In fact, the results suggest that battery life of 10\,years is only achievable provided the cDRX, RAI, and PSM energy-saving mechanisms are correctly configured and used.},
	author = {Mohammad Tahir {Abbas} and Eklund, Johan and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and Alfredsson, Stefan and Rajiullah, Mohammad and Grinnemo, Karl-Johan and Caso, Giuseppe and Kousias, Konstantinos and Alay, {\"O}zg{\"u}}
}
@inproceedings {42704,
	title = {Implications of handover events in commercial 5G non-standalone deployments in Rome},
	journal = {ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on 5G and Beyond Network Measurements, Modeling, and Use Cases},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {22-27},
	publisher = {ACM},
	abstract = {Fifth Generation (5G) cellular networks are gaining popularity and are soon expected to become the norm in the global telecommunications industry. In this paper, we follow an experimental approach to study key aspects of Handover (HO) events in commercial 5G Non Standalone (NSA) deployments. We collect our dataset by conducting a large-scale measurement campaign in the city of Rome, Italy. With our analysis, we aim to first, empirically evaluate the current HO strategies followed in 5G NSA, and second, to show the impact of HOs on end-user application performance. Our results show an increased number of intra-RAT HOs, i.e., HOs between cells with the same Radio Access Technology (RAT), in situation where signal quality conditions between multiple candidate cells is on par. In addition, we show that inter-RAT HOs, i.e., HOs between cells with different RATs, can be detrimental to the application performance.},
	doi = {10.1145/3538394.3546041},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3538394.3546041},
	author = {Kousias, Konstantinos and Rajiullah, Mohammad and Caso, Giuseppe and Alay, {\"O}zg{\"u} and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and De Nardis, Luca and Neri, Marco and Ali, Usman and Di Benedetto, Maria-Gabriella}
}
@article {42703,
	title = {Large-Scale Dataset for the Analysis of Outdoor-to-Indoor Propagation for 5G Mid-Band Operational Networks},
	journal = {Data},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {34},
	publisher = {MDPI},
	abstract = {Understanding radio propagation characteristics and developing channel models is fundamental to building and operating wireless communication systems. Among others uses, channel characterization and modeling can be used for coverage and performance analysis and prediction. Within this context, this paper describes a comprehensive dataset of channel measurements performed to analyze outdoor-to-indoor propagation characteristics in the mid-band spectrum identified for the operation of 5th Generation (5G) cellular systems. Previous efforts to analyze outdoor-to-indoor propagation characteristics in this band were made by using measurements collected on dedicated, mostly single-link setups. Hence, measurements performed on deployed and operational 5G networks still lack in the literature. To fill this gap, this paper presents a dataset of measurements performed over commercial 5G networks. In particular, the dataset includes measurements of channel power delay profiles from two 5G networks in Band n78, i.e., 3.3{\textendash}3.8 GHz. Such measurements were collected at multiple locations in a large office building in the city of Rome, Italy by using the Rohde \& Schwarz (R\&S) TSMA6 network scanner during several weeks in 2020 and 2021. A primary goal of the dataset is to provide an opportunity for researchers to investigate a large set of 5G channel measurements, aiming at analyzing the corresponding propagation characteristics toward the definition and refinement of empirical channel propagation models.},
	author = {Ali, Usman and Caso, Giuseppe and De Nardis, Luca and Kousias, Konstantinos and Rajiullah, Mohammad and Alay, {\"O}zg{\"u} and Neri, Marco and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and Di Benedetto, Maria-Gabriella}
}
@article {42698,
	title = { Service-based Analytics for 5G open experimentation platforms},
	journal = {Computer Networks},
	volume = {205},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {108740},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {A scalable, flexible and reliable Analytics service has become a requirement toward building efficient Fifth Generation (5G) experimental platforms that can support a suite of end-user experiments and verticals. Our paper presents the challenges that come with designing such a service-based\&nbsp;Analytics component, and shows how we have used it in the context of open experimental platforms in the\&nbsp;5GENESIS\&nbsp;project. Our Analytics service was designed both for enabling the efficient setup and configuration of the underlying platform, and also for ensuring that it provides useful insights into the experimentation\&nbsp;Key Performance Indicators\&nbsp;(KPIs) toward the end-user. Thus, Analytics proved to be a useful tool across several stages, starting from ensuring correct operation during the initial phases of the network setup and continuing into the normal day-to-day experimentation. Our experiments show how the tool was used in our setup and provide information on how to apply it to different environments. The\&nbsp;Analytics component, designed as a set of\&nbsp;microservices\&nbsp;that serve several goals in the analytics workflow, is also provided as open source, being part of the\&nbsp;Open5Genesis\&nbsp;suite.},
	author = {Aumayr, Erik and Caso, Giuseppe and Bosneag, Anne-Marie and Almudena Diaz {Zayas} and Alay, {\"O}zg{\"u} and Garcia, Bruno and Kousias, Konstantinos and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and Pedro Merino {Gomez} and Koumaras, Harilaos}
}
@article {27792,
	title = {Empirical Models for NB-IoT Path Loss in an Urban Scenario},
	journal = {IEEE Internet of Things Journal},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {13774-13788},
	publisher = { IEEE},
	abstract = {The lack of publicly available large scale measure- ments has hindered the derivation of empirical path loss (PL) models for Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT). Therefore, simulation-based investigations currently rely on models con- ceived for other cellular technologies, which are characterized, however, by different available bandwidth, carrier frequency, and infrastructure deployment, among others. In this paper, we take advantage of data from a large scale measurement campaign in the city of Oslo, Norway, to provide the first empirical characterization of NB-IoT PL in an urban scenario. For the PL average term, we characterize Alpha-Beta-Gamma (ABG) and Close-In (CI) models. By analyzing multiple NB- IoT cells, we propose a statistical PL characterization, i.e., the model parameters are not set to a single, constant value across cells, but are randomly extracted from well-known distributions. Similarly, we define the PL shadowing distribution, correlation over distance, and inter-site correlation. Finally, we give initial insights on outdoor-to-indoor propagation, using measurements up to deep indoor scenarios. The proposed models improve PL estimation accuracy compared to the ones currently adopted in NB-IoT investigations, enabling more realistic simulations of urban scenarios similar to the sites covered by our measurements.\&nbsp;},
	keywords = {Cellular Internet of Things, massive Machine Type Communications, Narrowband Internet of Things, Path Loss Empirical Models},
	doi = {10.1109/JIOT.2021.3068148},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9383771},
	author = {Caso, Giuseppe and Alay, {\"O}zg{\"u} and De Nardis, Luca and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and Neri, Marco and Di Benedetto, Maria-Gabriella}
}
@article {27786,
	title = {IoT Traffic Offloading with MultiPath TCP},
	journal = {IEEE Communications Magazine},
	volume = {59},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {51 - 57},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	doi = {10.1109/MCOM.001.2000915},
	author = {Silva, C. and Ferlin, Simone and Alay, {\"O}zg{\"u} and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and Kimura, B.}
}
@article {27785,
	title = {Measuring Roaming in Europe: Infrastructure and Implications on Users{\textquoteright} QoE},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing},
	year = {2021},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	author = {Mandalari, A. and Lutu, Andra and Custura, Ana and Ali Safari {Khatouni} and Alay, {\"O}zg{\"u} and Bagnulo, Marcelo and Bajpai, V. and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and Ott, Joerg and trevisan, martino and mellia, marco and Fairhurst, Gorry}
}
@article {27787,
	title = {Multipath Scheduling for 5G Networks: Evaluation and Outlook},
	journal = {IEEE Communications Magazine},
	volume = {59},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {44-50},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	doi = {10.1109/MCOM.001.2000881},
	author = {Wu, Hongjia and Caso, Giuseppe and Ferlin, Simone and Alay, {\"O}zg{\"u} and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna}
}
@article {27661,
	title = {NB-IoT Random Access: Data-driven Analysis and ML-based Enhancements},
	journal = {IEEE Internet of Things Journal},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Supplementary Materials, Results, and Dataset available at\&nbsp;https://mosaic-simulamet.com/nbiot-randomaccess/\&nbsp;},
	month = {01/2021},
	pages = {11384-11399},
	publisher = { IEEE},
	abstract = {In the context of massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC), the Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) technology is envisioned to efficiently and reliably deal with massive device connectivity. Hence, it relies on a tailored Random Access (RA) procedure, for which theoretical and empirical analyses are needed for a better understanding and further improvements. This paper presents the first data-driven analysis of NB-IoT RA, exploiting a large scale measurement campaign. We show how the RA procedure and performance are affected by network deployment, radio coverage, and operators{\textquoteright} configurations, thus complementing simulation-based investigations, mostly focused on massive connectivity aspects. Comparison with the performance requirements reveals the need for procedure enhancements. Hence, we propose a Machine Learning (ML) approach, and show that RA outcomes are predictable with good accuracy by observing radio conditions. We embed the outcome prediction in a RA enhanced scheme, and show that optimized configurations enable a power consumption reduction of at least 50\%. We also make our dataset available for further exploration, toward the discovery of new insights and research perspectives.},
	keywords = {Cellular Internet of Things, Empirical Analysis, massive Machine Type Communications, Narrowband Internet of Things, Random Access},
	doi = {10.1109/JIOT.2021.3051755},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9324758},
	author = {Caso, Giuseppe and Kousias, Konstantinos and Alay, {\"O}zg{\"u} and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and Neri, Marco}
}
@article {28292,
	title = {A Survey on Multipath Transport Protocols Towards 5G Access Traffic Steering, Switching and Splitting},
	journal = {IEEE Access},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2021},
	month = {09 December 2021},
	pages = {164417-164439},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3134261},
	author = {Wu, Hongjia and Ferlin, Simone and Caso, Giuseppe and Alay, {\"O}zg{\"u} and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna}
}
@article {27377,
	title = {Coverage and Deployment Analysis of Narrowband Internet of Things in the Wild},
	journal = {IEEE Communications Magazine},
	volume = {58},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Preprint available here:\&nbsp;https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.02341},
	month = {09/2020},
	pages = {39-45},
	publisher = { IEEE},
	abstract = {Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is gaining momentum as a promising technology for massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC). Given that its deployment is rapidly progressing worldwide, measurement campaigns and performance analyses are needed to better understand the system and move toward its enhancement. With this aim, this paper presents a large scale measurement campaign and empirical analysis of NB-IoT on operational networks, and discloses valuable insights in terms of deployment strategies and radio coverage performance. The reported results also serve as examples showing the potential usage of the collected dataset, which we make open- source along with a lightweight data visualization platform.},
	doi = {10.1109/MCOM.001.2000131},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9214385},
	author = {Kousias, Konstantinos and Caso, Giuseppe and Alay, {\"O}zg{\"u} and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and De Nardis, Luca and Di Benedetto, Maria-Gabriella and Neri, Marco}
}
@inproceedings {27699,
	title = {Guidelines for an Energy Efficient Tuning of the NB-IoT Stack},
	journal = {The 45th IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN)},
	year = {2020},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	author = {M. T. {Abbas} and Eklund, J. and Grinnemo, K-J. and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and Alfredsson, Stefan and Alay, {\"O}zg{\"u} and Katona, S. and Seres, G. and Rathonyl, B.}
}
@inproceedings {10.1145/3411276.3412194,
	title = {Mobile Network Performance during the COVID-19 Outbreak from a Testbed Perspective},
	journal = {Proceedings of the 14th International Workshop on Wireless Network Testbeds, Experimental Evaluation \&amp; Characterization},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {110{\textendash}117},
	publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {COVID-19 has changed our lives and continues to have a drastic impact. It forces us to impose restrictive social distancing measures and leads us to rely more on the Internet. Mobile networks become one of the major means to access the Internet for most of us. We investigate the performance of 9 mobile networks in Europe around the time when restrictions were imposed, considering web QoE, throughput, RTT, and signal coverage. Our results show countries{\textquoteright} mobile networks are impacted by COVID-19 (as high as 46 \% increase in page load time) at different times based on the outbreak timelines in these countries. Moreover, we find that operators responded properly and the network performance is back to the pre-COVID-19 times.},
	keywords = {COVID-19, mobile network performance, RTT, signal coverage, Throughput, web QoE},
	isbn = {9781450380829},
	doi = {10.1145/3411276.3412194},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3411276.3412194},
	author = {Rajiullah, Mohammad and Ali Safari {Khatouni} and Midoglu, Cise and Alay, {\"O}zg{\"u} and Brunstrom, Anna and Griwodz, Carsten}
}
@inproceedings {28316,
	title = {Mobile Network Performance during the COVID-19 Outbreak from a Testbed Perspective},
	journal = {MobiCom {\textquoteright}20: The 26th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and NetworkingProceedings of the 14th International Workshop on Wireless Network Testbeds, Experimental evaluation \& Characterization},
	year = {2020},
	publisher = {ACM},
	address = {London United KingdomNew York, NY, USA},
	isbn = {9781450380829},
	doi = {10.1145/341127610.1145/3411276.3412194},
	url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/proceedings/10.1145/3411276https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3411276.3412194https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3411276.3412194},
	author = {Rajiullah, Mohammad and Ali Safari {Khatouni} and Midoglu, Cise and Alay, {\"O}zg{\"u} and Brunstrom, Anna and Griwodz, Carsten}
}
@inproceedings {27700,
	title = {Mobile Network Performance during the COVID-19 Outbreak from a Testbed Perspective},
	journal = {Proceedings of the 14th International Workshop on Wireless Network Testbeds, Experimental evaluation \& Characterization},
	year = {2020},
	publisher = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	isbn = {9781450380829},
	doi = {10.1145/341127610.1145/3411276.3412194},
	url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/proceedings/10.1145/3411276https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3411276.3412194https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3411276.3412194},
	author = {Rajiullah, Mohammad and Ali Safari {Khatouni} and Midoglu, Cise and Alay, {\"O}zg{\"u} and Brunstrom, Anna and Griwodz, Carsten}
}
@article {27530,
	title = {A Modular Experimentation Methodology for 5G Deployments: The 5GENESIS Approach},
	journal = {Sensors},
	volume = {20},
	number = {22},
	year = {2020},
	month = {11/2020},
	pages = {6652},
	publisher = {MDPI},
	abstract = {The high heterogeneity of 5G use cases requires the extension of the traditional per-component testing procedures provided by certification organizations, in order to devise and incorporate methodologies that cover the testing requirements from vertical applications and services. In this paper, we introduce an experimentation methodology that is defined in the context of the 5GENESIS project, which aims at enabling both the testing of network components and validation of E2E KPIs. The most important contributions of this methodology are its modularity and flexibility, as well as the open-source software that was developed for its application, which enable lightweight adoption of the methodology in any 5G testbed. We also demonstrate how the methodology can be used, by executing and analyzing different experiments in a 5G Non-Standalone (NSA) deployment at the University of Malaga. The key findings of the paper are an initial 5G performance assessment and KPI analysis and the detection of under-performance issues at the application level. Those findings highlight the need for reliable testing and validation procedures towards a fair benchmarking of generic 5G services and applications.},
	keywords = {5G, Experimentation, methodology, Testbeds},
	doi = {10.3390/s20226652},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/22/6652},
	author = {Diaz-Zayas, Almudena and Caso, Giuseppe and Alay, {\"O}zg{\"u} and Merino, Pedro and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and Tsolkas, Dimitris and Koumaras, Harilaos}
}
@inproceedings {27698,
	title = {Open Dataset of Operational Mobile Networks},
	journal = {ACM International Symposium on Mobility Management and Wireless Access (MobiWac)},
	year = {2020},
	publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	isbn = {9781450381192},
	author = {ali safari {Khatouni} and trevisan, martino and giardano, d. and Rajiullah, Mohammad and Alfredsson, Stefan and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and Midoglu, Cise and Alay, {\"O}zg{\"u}}
}
@article {27273,
	title = {Peekaboo: Learning-based Multipath Scheduling for Dynamic Heterogeneous Environments},
	journal = { IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications (JSAC)},
	volume = {38},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2295 - 2310},
	publisher = { IEEE},
	doi = {10.1109/JSAC.2020.3000365},
	author = {Wu, Hongjia and Alay, {\"O}zg{\"u} and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and Ferlin, Simone and Caso, Giuseppe}
}
@article {26427,
	title = {Low-Latency Scheduling in MPTCP},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Networking},
	volume = {27},
	year = {2019},
	month = {02/2019},
	publisher = {ACM IEEE},
	author = {Hurtig, Per and karl johan {grinnemo} and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and Ferlin, Simone and Alay, {\"O}zg{\"u} and Kuhn, Nicolas}
}
@article {26036,
	title = {Results from Running an Experiment as a Service Platform for Mobile Broadband Networks in Europe},
	journal = {Elsevier Computer Communications},
	volume = {133},
	year = {2019},
	month = {01/2019},
	pages = {89-101},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	author = {Mancuso, Vincenzo and Miguel Peon {Quiros} and Midoglu, Cise and moulay, mohamed and comite, Vincenzo and Lutu, Andra and Alay, {\"O}zg{\"u} and Alfredsson, Stefan and rajiulah, mohamed and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and mellia, marco and ali safari {Khatouni} and hirsch, thomas}
}
@inproceedings {26429,
	title = {Web Experience in Operational Mobile Networks: Lessons from Two Million Page Visits},
	journal = {WWW {\textquoteright}19: The World Wide Web Conference},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1532-1543},
	publisher = {ACM},
	author = {Rajiullah, Mohammad and Lutu, Andra and ali safari {Khatouni} and Fida, Mah-rukh and mellia, marco and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and Alay, {\"O}zg{\"u} and Alfredsson, Stefan and Mancuso, Vincenzo}
}
@inproceedings {26041,
	title = {End to end 5G Measurements with MONROE: Challenges and Opportunities},
	journal = {2018 IEEE 4th International Forum on Research and Technology for Society and Industry (RTSI)},
	year = {2018},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	doi = {10.1109/RTSI.2018.8548510},
	author = {Alay, {\"O}zg{\"u} and Mancuso, Vincenzo and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and Alfredsson, Stefan and mellia, marco and Bernini, Giacomo and Lonsethagen, Hakon}
}
@inproceedings {26044,
	title = {Experience: Implications of Roaming in Europe},
	journal = {Proceedings of the 24th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {179-189},
	publisher = {ACM},
	address = {New Delhi, India},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-5903-0},
	doi = {10.1145/3241539.3241577},
	author = {Anna Maria {Mandalari} and Lutu, Andra and Custura, Ana and ali safari {Khatouni} and Alay, {\"O}zg{\"u} and Bagnulo, Marcelo and Bajbai, Vaibhav and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and Ott, Joerg and mellia, marco and Fairhurst, Gorry}
}
@inproceedings {mobi17,
	title = {Experience: An Open Platform for Experimentation with Commercial Mobile Broadband Networks},
	journal = {Proc. of ACM Mobicom.},
	year = {2017},
	publisher = {ACM},
	author = {Alay, {\"O}zg{\"u} and Lutu, Andra and Miguel Peon {Quiros} and Mancuso, Vincenzo and hirsch, thomas and Evensen, Kristian and Audun Fosselie {Hansen} and Alfredsson, Stefan and karlsson, jonas and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and ali safari {Khatouni} and Mellia, M. and Marco Ajmone {Marsan}}
}
@inproceedings {fida2017experimentation,
	title = {Experimentation in Controlled and Operational LTE Settings with FLEX-MONROE},
	journal = {Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Wireless Network Testbeds, Experimental evaluation \& CHaracterization},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {93{\textendash}94},
	publisher = {{ACM},
	abstract = {This demo paper presents FLEX-MONROE, a platform that facilitates better understanding of current LTE Mobile Broadband (MBB) networks and enables performance improvements by allowing experimentation with controllable LTE parameters. The platform enables investigating impact of low-level network parameter tweaks in LTE infrastructure on the application performance. We argue that FLEX-MONROE is crucial to provide guidelines on improving application performance both in the current and future MBB networks.},
	author = {Fida, Mah-rukh and Kousias, Konstantinos and Lutu, Andra and Rajiullah, Mohammad and Alay, {\"O}zg{\"u} and Brunstrom, Anna and Argyriou, Antonios}
}
@inproceedings {25621,
	title = {FLEX-MONROE: A Unified Platform for Experiments under Controlled and Operational LTE Settings},
	journal = {11th ACM International Workshop on Wireless Network Testbeds, Experimental Evaluation \& Characterization (WiNTECH2017)},
	year = {2017},
	publisher = {ACM},
	address = {Utah, US},
	abstract = {This paper presents FLEX-MONROE, a unique platform that facilitates achieving a thorough understanding of LTE networks, one that captures the status of current operational MBB networks and that also enables LTE performance improvements by allowing experimentation in an environment with controllable LTE parameters. Using this platform, we propose to investigate how variations in the LTE network parameters infuence the network characteristics, which, in turn, translate to application performance metrics that represent the end-user experience. We argue that the FLEX- MONROE platform is crucial to understand, validate and ultimately improve how current operational MBB networks perform, towards providing guidelines for designing future 5G architectures. Furthermore, understanding the effects of low-level tweaks in network parameters in the LTE infrastructure on the application performance is critical to provide guidelines on how to improve the application performance in the current but also future MBB networks.},
	doi = {10.1145/3131473.3131477},
	author = {Fida, Mah-rukh and Kousias, Konstantinos and Lutu, Andra and Rajiullah, Mohammad and Alay, {\"O}zg{\"u} and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and Argyriou, Antonios},
	editor = {Kousias, Konstantinos}
}
@inproceedings {25279,
	title = {A Framework for Less than Best Effort Congestion Control with Soft Deadlines},
	journal = {2017 IFIP Networking Conference (IFIP Networking) and Workshops},
	year = {2017},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	abstract = {Applications like inter data-centre synchronisation or client-to-cloud backups require a reliable end-to-end data transfer, however, they typically do not have strong capacity or latency constraints, just a loose delivery deadline. Besides, their potential to disrupt more quality-constrained flows should be kept to a minimum. These applications could be well served by a transport protocol providing a less-than-best-effort (LBE) or scavenger service rather than TCP but, neither TCP nor standard LBE methods like LEDBAT consider any notion of deadline or completion time. TCP simply tries to maximise the use of available capacity, while LEDBAT tries to enforce an LBE behaviour regardless of any timeliness requirements.This paper introduces a framework for adding both LBE behaviour and awareness of {\textquotedblleft}soft{\textquotedblright} delivery deadlines to any congestion control (CC) algorithm, whether loss-based, delay-based or explicit signaling-based. This effectively allows it to turn an arbitrary CC protocol into a scavenger protocol that dynamically adapts its sending rate to network conditions and remaining time before the deadline, to balance timeliness and transmission aggressiveness. Network utility maximization (NUM) theory provides a solid foundation for the proposal. The effectiveness of the approach is validated by numerical and simulation experiments, with TCP Cubic and Vegas used as examples.},
	isbn = {978-3-901882-94-4},
	doi = {10.23919/IFIPNetworking.2017.8264853},
	url = {http://dl.ifip.org/db/conf/networking/networking2017/1570334752.pdf},
	author = {David Andrew {Hayes} and Ros, David and Petlund, Andreas and Ahmed, Iffat},
	editor = {Karlsson, Gunnar and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and Jiang, Hongbo and Wolf, Tilman and Fodor, Viktoria}
}
@article {25372,
	title = {NEAT: A Platform- and Protocol-Independent Internet Transport API},
	journal = {IEEE Communications Magazine},
	volume = {55},
	year = {2017},
	month = {06/2017},
	pages = {46-54},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	abstract = {The sockets Applications Programming Interface (API) has become the standard way that applications access the transport services offered by the Internet Protocol stack. This paper presents NEAT, a user-space library that can provide an alternate transport API. NEAT allows applications to request the service they need using a new design that is agnostic to the specific choice of transport protocol underneath. This not only allows applications to take advantage of common protocol machinery, but also eases introduction of new network mechanisms and transport protocols. The paper describes the components of the NEAT library and illustrates the important benefits that can be gained from this new approach. NEAT is a software platform for developing advanced network applications that was designed in accordance with the standardization efforts on Transport Services (TAPS) in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), but its features exceed the envisioned functionality of a TAPS system.},
	issn = {0163-6804},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2017.1601052},
	author = {Khademi, Naeem and Ros, David and Welzl, Michael and Bozakov, Zdravko and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and Fairhurst, Gorry and Grinnemo, Karl-Johan and David Andrew {Hayes} and Hurtig, Per and Jones, Tom and Mangiante, Simone and T{\"u}xen, Michael and Weinrank, Felix}
}
@inproceedings { ANRW2017,
	title = {A NEAT Way to Browse the Web},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Applied Networking Research Workshop~(ANRW)},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Demo Presentation},
	month = {07/15/2017},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	address = {Praha/Czech Republic},
	abstract = {There is a growing concern that the Internet transport layer has become ossified in the face of emerging novel applications, and that further evolution has become very difficult. The NEAT system is a novel and evolvable transport system that decouples applications from the underlying transport layer and network services. In so doing, it facilitates dynamic transport selection. This demo shows how the NEAT system is able to dynamically select the most appropriate transport solution for the Mozilla Firefox web browser.},
	keywords = {NEAT, ossification, SCTP, tcp, Transport Selection, Transport Service},
	url = {https://irtf.org/anrw/2017/anrw17-final13.pdf},
	author = {Weinrank, Felix and Grinnemo, Karl-Johan and Bozakov, Zdravko and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and Dreibholz, Thomas and Hurtig, Per and Khademi, Naeem},
	editor = {T{\"u}xen, Michael}
}
@inproceedings {25918,
	title = {Results from Running an Experiment as a Service Platform for Mobile Networks},
	journal = {the 11th WorkshopProceedings of the 11th Workshop on Wireless Network Testbeds, Experimental evaluation \& CHaracterization  - WiNTECH {\textquoteright}17},
	year = {2017},
	publisher = {ACM Press},
	address = {Snowbird, Utah, USANew York, New York, USA},
	isbn = {9781450351478},
	doi = {10.1145/313147310.1145/3131473.3131485},
	url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=3131473http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=3131473.3131485http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=3131485\&ftid=1912965\&dwn=1},
	author = {Pe{\'o}n-Quir{\'o}s, Miguel and Ali Safari {Khatouni} and Hirsch, Thomas and Mancuso, Vincenzo and Comite, Vincenzo and Lutu, Andra and Alay, {\"O}zg{\"u} and Alfredsson, Stefan and Karlsson, Jonas and Brunstrom, Anna and Mellia, Marco},
	editor = {Peng, Chunyi and Tinnirello, Ilenia}
}
@inproceedings {25399,
	title = {Speedtest-like Measurements in 3G/4G Networks: the MONROE Experience},
	journal = {29th International Teletraffic Congress (ITC 29)},
	year = {2017},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	doi = {10.23919/ITC.2017.8064353},
	author = {ali safari {Khatouni} and mellia, marco and Marco Ajmone {Marsan} and Alfredsson, Stefan and karlsson, jonas and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and Alay, {\"O}zg{\"u} and Lutu, Andra and Midoglu, Cise and Mancuso, Vincenzo},
	editor = {Zinner, Thomas and Aguero, Ramon and Kuladinithi, Koojana and Timm-Giel, Andreas and Ho{\ss}feld, Tobias}
}
@misc {24440,
	title = {AQM for ISPs - decision maker video},
	year = {2016},
	publisher = {Reducing Internet Transport Latency},
	address = {RITE website},
	abstract = {This video is directed at decision makers in Network operators and equipment manufacturers. It contains a to-the-point explanation of some key technologies that needs to go into the Internet to reach the next evolutionary step.},
	keywords = {AQM, Internet latency, ISP},
	url = {https://videopress.com/v/WskDNI5r},
	author = {Briscoe, Bob and Petlund, Andreas and Ahmed, Iffat and Fairhurst, Gorry and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and Ros, David}
}
@inproceedings {24988,
	title = {On the Cost of Using Happy Eyeballs for Transport Protocol Selection},
	journal = {Applied Networking Research Workshop (ANRW)},
	year = {2016},
	month = {07/2016},
	pages = {45-51},
	publisher = {ACM},
	abstract = {Concerns have been raised in the past several years that introducing new transport protocols on the Internet has become increasingly difficult, not least because there is no agreed-upon way for a source end host to find out if a transport protocol is supported all the way to a destination peer. A solution to a similar problem\&mdash;finding out support for IPv6\&mdash;has been proposed and is currently being deployed: the Happy Eyeballs (HE) mechanism. HE has also been proposed as an efficient way for an application to select an appropriate transport protocol. Still, there are few, if any, performance evaluations of transport HE. This paper demonstrates that transport HE could indeed be a feasible solution to the transport support problem. The paper evaluates HE between TCP and SCTP using TLS encrypted and unencrypted traffic, and shows that although there is indeed a cost in terms of CPU load to introduce HE, the cost is relatively small, especially in comparison with the cost of using TLS encryption. Moreover, our results suggest that HE has a marginal impact on memory usage. Finally, by introducing caching of previous connection attempts, the additional cost of transport HE could be significantly reduced.},
	keywords = {CPU load, Happy Eyeballs, memory usage, SCTP, tcp, TLS, Transport-protocol selection},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-4443-2},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2959424.2959437},
	url = {https://irtf.org/anrw/2016/anrw16-final27.pdf},
	author = {Papastergiou, Georgios and Grinnemo, Karl-Johan and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and Ros, David and T{\"u}xen, Michael and Khademi, Naeem and Hurtig, Per}
}
@article {24989,
	title = {De-ossifying the Internet transport layer: A survey and future perspectives},
	journal = {IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials},
	year = {2016},
	month = {11/2016},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	abstract = {It is widely recognized that the Internet transport layer has become ossified, where further evolution has become hard or even impossible. This is a direct consequence of the ubiquitous deployment of middleboxes that hamper the deployment of new transports, aggravated further by the limited flexibility of the Application Programming Interface (API) typically presented to applications. To tackle this problem, a wide range of solutions have been proposed in the literature, each aiming to address a particular aspect. Yet, no single proposal has emerged that is able to enable evolution of the transport layer. In this work, after an overview of the main issues and reasons for transport-layer ossification, we survey proposed solutions and discuss their potential and limitations. The survey is divided into five parts, each covering a set of point solutions for a different facet of the problem space: 1) designing middleboxproof transports, 2) signaling for facilitating middlebox traversal, 3) enhancing the API between the applications and the transport layer, 4) discovering and exploiting end-to-end capabilities, and 5) enabling user-space protocol stacks. Based on this analysis, we then identify further development needs towards an overall solution. We argue that the development of a comprehensive transport layer framework, able to facilitate the integration and cooperation of specialized solutions in an application-independent and flexible way, is a necessary step toward making the Internet transport architecture truly evolvable. To this end, we identify the requirements for such a framework and provide insights for its development.},
	keywords = {API, middleboxes, protocol-stack ossification, transport protocols, user-space networking stacks},
	issn = {1553-877X},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2016.2626780},
	author = {Papastergiou, Georgios and Fairhurst, Gorry and Ros, David and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and Grinnemo, Karl-Johan and Hurtig, Per and Khademi, Naeem and T{\"u}xen, Michael and Welzl, Michael and Damjanovic, Dragana and Mangiante, Simone}
}
@inproceedings {25283,
	title = {Measuring and Assessing Mobile Broadband Networks with MONROE},
	journal = {WoWMoM, demo paper},
	year = {2016},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	author = {Alay, {\"O}zg{\"u} and Lutu, Andra and Garcia, Rafael and Miguel Peon {Quiros} and Mancuso, Vincenzo and hirsch, thomas and dely, tobias and Werme, Jonas and Evensen, Kristian and Audun Fosselie {Hansen} and Alfredsson, Stefan and karlsson, jonas and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and ali safari {Khatouni} and mellia, marco and Marco Ajmone {Marsan} and monno, roberto and Lonsethagen, Hakon}
}
@inproceedings {25262,
	title = {MONROE, a distributed platform to measure and assess mobile broadband networks},
	journal = {Mobicom, Wintech Workshop and All Things Cellular Workshop, demo paper},
	year = {2016},
	publisher = {ACM},
	author = {Alay, {\"O}zg{\"u} and Lutu, Andra and Garcia, Rafael and Miguel Peon {Quiros} and Mancuso, Vincenzo and hirsch, thomas and dely, tobias and Werme, Jonas and Evensen, Kristian and Audun Fosselie {Hansen} and Alfredsson, Stefan and karlsson, jonas and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and ali safari {Khatouni} and mellia, marco and Marco Ajmone {Marsan} and monno, roberto and Lonsethagen, Hakon}
}
@article {24302,
	title = {Is Multi-Path Transport Suitable for Latency Sensitive Traffic?},
	journal = {Computer Networks (COMNET)},
	volume = {105},
	year = {2016},
	month = {08/2016},
	pages = {1-21},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {This paper assesses whether multi-path communication can help latency-sensitive applications to satisfy the requirements of their users.\&nbsp; We consider Concurrent Multi-path Transfer for SCTP (CMT-SCTP) and Multi-path TCP (MPTCP) and evaluate their proficiency in transporting video, gaming, and web traffic over combinations of WLAN and 3G interfaces. To ensure the validity of our evaluation, several experimental approaches were used including simulation, emulation and live experiments. When paths are symmetric in terms of capacity, delay and loss rate, we find that the experienced latency is significantly reduced, compared to using a single path. Using multiple asymmetric paths does not affect latency -- applications do not experience any increase or decrease, but might benefit from other advantages of multi-path communication. In the light of our conclusions, multi-path transport is suitable for latency-sensitive traffic and mature enough to be widely deployed.},
	keywords = {CMT-SCTP, Internet, latency, MPTCP, Multi-Path Communication, transport protocols},
	doi = {10.1016/j.comnet.2016.05.008},
	author = {Yedugundla, Kiran and Ferlin, Simone and Dreibholz, Thomas and Alay, {\"O}zg{\"u} and Kuhn, Nicolas and Hurtig, Per and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna}
}
@misc {24995,
	title = {NEAT {\textendash} A New, Evolutive API and Transport-Layer Architecture for the Internet},
	year = {2016},
	month = {06/2016},
	address = { 12th Swedish National Computer Networking Workshop (SNCNW 2016), Sundsvall, Sweden, June 1-2, 2016},
	keywords = {application-aware networking, Internet architecture, ossification, transport API, transport layer},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.55588},
	author = {Grinnemo, Karl-Johan and Jones, Tom and Fairhurst, Gorry and Ros, David and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and Hurtig, Per}
}
@inproceedings {24530,
	title = {Towards a Flexible Internet Transport Layer Architecture},
	journal = {IEEE LANMAN},
	year = {2016},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	abstract = {There is a growing concern that the Internet transport layer has become less adaptive to the requirements of new applications, and that further evolution has become very difficult. This is because a fundamental assumption no longer holds: it can no longer be assumed that the transport layer is only in the scope of end-hosts. The success of TCP and UDP and the ubiquity of middleboxes have led to ossification of both the network infrastructure and the API presented to applications. This has led to the development of workarounds and point solutions that fail to cover many facets of the problem. To address this issue, this paper identifies requirements for a new transport layer and then proposes a conceptual architecture that we argue is both flexible and evolvable. This new architecture requires that applications interface to the transport at a higher abstraction level, where an application can express communication preferences via a new richer API. Protocol machinery can use this information to decide which of the available transport protocols is used. By placing the protocol machinery in the transport layer, the new architecture can allow for new protocols to be deployed and enable evolution of the transport layer.},
	keywords = {application-aware networking, Internet architecture, ossification, transport API, transport layer},
	isbn = {978-1-4673-9882-4},
	issn = {1944-0375},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/LANMAN.2016.7548846},
	author = {Grinnemo, Karl-Johan and Jones, Tom and Fairhurst, Gorry and Ros, David and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and Hurtig, Per}
}
@inproceedings {23591,
	title = {Cellular Network Measurements: A Study of Four Swedish HSDPA+ and LTE Networks},
	journal = {Proceedings of the 3rd International NorNet Users Workshop (NNUW-3)},
	year = {2015},
	month = {08/2015},
	publisher = {Simula Research Laboratory},
	address = {Fornebu, Akershus/Norway},
	keywords = {HSDPA+, LTE, Measurements, Mobile Broadband, Testbed},
	author = {Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna},
	editor = {Garcia, Johan and Alfredsson, Stefan}
}
@misc {23700,
	title = {An Evaluation of Tail Loss Recovery Mechanisms for TCP},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	keywords = {congestion control, latency, packet loss, recovery, tcp},
	doi = {10.1145/2717646.2717648},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2717646.2717648},
	author = {Rajiullah, Mohammad and Hurtig, Per and Brunstrom, Anna and Petlund, Andreas and Welzl, Michael}
}
@article {19183,
	title = {An Evaluation of Tail Loss Recovery Mechanisms for TCP},
	journal = {SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev.},
	volume = {45},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {5{\textendash}11},
	publisher = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Interactive applications do not require more bandwidth to go faster. Instead, they require less latency. Unfortunately, the current design of transport protocols such as TCP limits possible latency reductions. In this paper we evaluate and compare different loss recovery enhancements to fight tail loss latency. The two recently proposed mechanisms "RTO Restart" (RTOR) and "Tail Loss Probe" (TLP) as well as a new mechanism that applies the logic of RTOR to the TLP timer management (TLPR) are considered. The results show that the relative performance of RTOR and TLP when tail loss occurs is scenario dependent, but with TLP having potentially larger gains. The TLPR mechanism reaps the benefits of both approaches and in most scenarios it shows the best performance.},
	keywords = {congestion control, latency, packet loss, recovery, tcp},
	issn = {0146-4833},
	doi = {10.1145/2717646.2717648},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2717646.2717648},
	author = {Rajiullah, Mohammad and Hurtig, Per and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and Petlund, Andreas and Welzl, Michael}
}
@misc {23933,
	title = {MONROE: Measuring Mobile Broadband Networks in Europe},
	howpublished = {IRTF/ISOC Workshop on Research and Applications of Internet Measurements},
	year = {2015},
	type = {Measurement platforms \& tools},
	url = {https://irtf.org/raim-2015},
	author = {Alay, {\"O}zg{\"u} and Lutu, Andra and Ros, David and Garcia, Rafael and Mancuso, Vincenzo and Audun Fosselie {Hansen} and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and Marco Ajmone {Marsan} and Lonsethagen, Hakon}
}
@inproceedings {23717,
	title = {TADA: An Active Measurement Tool for Automatic Detection of AQM},
	journal = {Valuetools 2015, Proceedings of the 9th EAI International Conference on Performance Evaluation Methodologies and Tools},
	year = {2015},
	author = {Minoo Kargar {Bideh} and Petlund, Andreas and Griwodz, Carsten and Ahmed, Iffat and Halvorsen, P{\r a}l and Behjati, Razieh and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and Alfredsson, Stefan}
}
@article {19168,
	title = {Reducing Internet Latency: A Survey of Techniques and their Merits},
	journal = {IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials},
	volume = {18},
	year = {2014},
	month = {10/2016},
	pages = {2149{\textendash}2196},
	publisher = {IEEE Communications Society},
	abstract = {Latency is increasingly becoming a performance bottleneck for Internet Protocol (IP) networks, but historically networks have been designed with aims of maximizing throughput and utilization. This article offers a broad survey of techniques aimed at tackling latency in the literature up to August 2014, and their merits. A goal of this work is to be able to quantify and compare the merits of the different Internet latency reducing techniques, contrasting their gains in delay reduction versus the pain required to implement and deploy them. We found that classifying techniques according to the sources of delay they alleviate provided the best insight into the following issues: 1) the structural arrangement of a network, such as placement of servers and suboptimal routes, can contribute significantly to latency; 2) each interaction between communicating endpoints adds a Round Trip Time (RTT) to latency, especially significant for short flows; 3) in addition to base propagation delay, several sources of delay accumulate along transmission paths, today intermittently dominated by queuing delays; 4) it takes time to sense and use available capacity, with overuse inflicting latency on other flows sharing the capacity; and 5) within end systems delay sources include operating system buffering, head-of-line blocking, and hardware interaction. No single source of delay dominates in all cases, and many of these sources are spasmodic and highly variable. Solutions addressing these sources often both reduce the overall latency and make it more predictable.},
	keywords = {Internet, latency, network},
	issn = {1553-877X},
	doi = {10.1109/COMST.2014.2375213},
	url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?reload=true\&arnumber=6967689},
	author = {Briscoe, Bob and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and Petlund, Andreas and David Andrew {Hayes} and Ros, David and Tsang, Ing-Jyh and Gjessing, Stein and Fairhurst, Gorry and Griwodz, Carsten and Welzl, Michael}
}
@misc {funems-2013-applim-poster,
	title = {Reducing Internet Transport Latency for Thin Streams and Short Flows},
	year = {2013},
	month = {7},
	abstract = {The present Internet limits the performance of applications that need real-time interaction. This is in part because the design of the network has been optimised to boost throughput, maximising efficiency for bulk applications. However, changes in use have resulted in that an increasing number of applications now depend on timely delivery. One of the targets of the RITE project is to reduce internet transport latency in support of such applications. Initial results from the project on how end nodes can be optimized for more timely error recovery are presented in this poster.},
	keywords = {Conference},
	author = {Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and Petlund, Andreas and Rajiullah, Mohammad}
}
@inproceedings {Briscoe13a:latency_survey_pos,
	title = {A Survey of Latency Reducing Techniques and their Merits},
	journal = {Proc. ISOC Workshop on Reducing Internet Latency},
	year = {2013},
	note = {(Position Paper)},
	month = {09/2013},
	keywords = {Algorithms, characterisation, co-ordination, congestion, Data Communication, Delay, Internet, metrics, networks, overhead, Performance, QoS, standardisation},
	url = {http://www.internetsociety.org/sites/default/files/pdf/accepted/16_rite-latency_survey_pos.pdf},
	author = {Briscoe, Bob and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and Ros, David and Petlund, Andreas and Tsang, Ing-Jyh and Gjessing, Stein and Fairhurst, Gorry}
}
@inproceedings {24124,
	title = {On the Treatment of Application-Limited Streams},
	journal = {Workshop on Reducing Internet Latency},
	year = {2013},
	month = {09/2013},
	publisher = {Internet Society},
	address = {Reston, VA, US},
	keywords = {latency, network, thin streams, Transport},
	url = {http://www.internetsociety.org/latency2013},
	author = {Petlund, Andreas and Brunstr{\"o}m, Anna and Markussen, Jonas and Fuchs, Markus}
}
