@article {25074,
	title = {The trade off between tidal-turbine array yield and environmental impact: a multi-objective optimisation problem},
	journal = {Renewable Energy},
	volume = {114},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {390-403},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {In the drive towards a carbon-free society, tidal energy has the potential to become a valuable part of the UK energy supply. Developments are subject to intense scrutiny, and potential environmental impacts must be assessed. Unfortunately many of these impacts are still poorly understood, including the implications that come with altering the hydrodynamics. Here, methods are proposed to quantify ecological impact and to incorporate its minimisation into the array design process. Four tidal developments in the Pentland Firth are modelled with the array optimisation tool OpenTidalFarm, that designs arrays to generate the maximum possible profit. Maximum entropy modelling is used to create habitat suitability maps for species that respond to changes in bed-shear stress. Changes in habitat suitability caused by an altered tidal regime are assessed. OpenTidalFarm is adapted to simultaneously optimise array design to maximise both this habitat suitability and to maximise the profit of the array. The problem is thus posed as a multi-objective optimisation problem, and a set of Pareto solutions found, allowing trade-offs between these two objectives to be identified. The methods proposed generate array designs that have reduced negative impact, or even positive impact, on the habitat suitability of specific species or habitats of interest.},
	doi = {10.1016/j.renene.2019.04.141},
	author = {Roan du {Feu} and Simon W {Funke} and Stephan C. {Kramer} and Dave M. {Culley} and Hill, J and B S {Halpern} and Matthew D. {Piggott}}
}
@inproceedings {Simula.simula.3080,
	title = {A Hierarchy of Approaches for the Optimal Design of Tidal Turbine Arrays},
	journal = {ICOE 2014 (5th International Conference on Ocean Energy)},
	year = {2014},
	type = {1},
	abstract = {From conception to construction, the process by which tidal turbine farms are scoped and designed (and even optimised - which is the focus here) is multi-layered. The industrial designer requires tools of varying fidelities working on multiple scales, depending on the task at hand. In this paper a hierarchy of modelling approaches is proposed and some examples demonstrated. For site-scoping and resource assessment, the continuum approach enables multiple farms to be considered and optimised over a large geographic area. This is demonstrated for four farms in the Pentland Firth, Scotland. For detailed design, three-dimensional CFD codes allow flow around a turbine to be fully resolved and the physical processes closely modelled. In between, and informed by these extremes, are array design tools whereby each turbine is individually represented and the flow over the domain is calculated with the non-linear shallow water equations. In a test example, the positions of 78 turbines in a farm located in the Inner Sound of the Pentland Firth, Scotland is optimised with a resulting 25\% improvement in power extracted. A holistic approach to the design process is also presented which seeks to design with the maximisation of developer\&$\#$39;s profit - rather than power extracted - as the ultimate goal.},
	author = {Dave M. {Culley} and Simon W {Funke} and S. C. {Kramer} and Matthew David {Piggott}}
}
@misc {Simula.simula.3128,
	title = {Resource Assessment of Tidal Sites Through Array Optimisation of the Number of Turbines and the Micro-Siting Design},
	year = {2014},
	month = {November},
	abstract = {\~ \~},
	keywords = {Conference},
	author = {Dave M. {Culley} and Simon W {Funke} and Kramer, Stephan and Matthew David {Piggott}}
}
